helmets怎么读（helmets怎么读英语）

Whichwas more technologically advanced, the Roman Empire or Han China?

罗马和汉朝，谁的技术更先进？

各国网友评论

网友Military Technology

As should be quite obvious by now, the Han and Romans wereadvanced on a similar scale to one another. At last, such a contention whichhas long been asserted all over the Internet has now (hopefully) been proven atlast.

It would seem that the Romans were more advanced than theirChinese counterparts in the fields of Metallurgy, Medicine, Military Technologyand also slightly when it came to Civil and Structural Engineering.

The Chinese in contrast were more advanced than their Romancounterparts when it came to the fields of Agriculture, Astronomy, Aeronauticsand Mathematics.

The two peer empires meanwhile were equals in the fields of Hydraulics and Mechanics, and Materials Engineering.

The author is forced to conclude as such, that the two great fathers of Western and Chinese civilization, Rome and Han respectively were approximately equal with regards to technological advancement.

现在结果很明显，汉朝和罗马的先进程度大致相同，最后，这种长期存在于互联网上的争论终于得到了证实。

由此可见，罗马人在冶金、医药、军事技术等方面似乎比汉朝先进，在土木工程和结构工程方面也领先汉朝。

由此可见，罗马人在冶金、医药、军事技术等方面似乎比汉朝先进，在土木工程和结构工程方面也领先汉朝。

汉人在农业、天文、航空和数学方面都比罗马人先进。

在水力学和材料工程领域，两个同时代帝国的水平是相当的。

作者被迫总结了西方文明和中国文明的两位祖先。因此，罗马和汉朝的科技进步大致相同。

网友DaniilKozhemiachenko

First thing to mention is that technological progress of ancient China is oftenassociated with so called FourGreat Inventions, first of which was made in Han period (i.e. no later than 3rd centuryAD). If we try to compare level of technology in Rome (in 2nd — 3rd centuriesAD), which was, in fact Greek technology, as most of the inventors, engineersand ?scientists? were Greeks, and that of China we will find, that paper andporcelain were almost sole things Chinese could produce and Romans could not(they used parchment and papyrus instead).

首先要提到的是，中国古代的科技进步往往与所谓的四大发明有关，四大发明的第一项是汉代（公元3世纪前）。如果我们试图将其与罗马（公元2~3世纪）的技术进行比较，那实际上是希腊的技术，因为大多数发明家、工程师或科学家都是希腊人。我们会发现，几乎只有纸和瓷器是罗马人不能生产的，而中国人可以生产的（罗马人用羊皮纸和纸莎草纸代替）。

There were also many things that both of the nations could produce, build or do(e.g., roads, city plumbing, steel of various quality, ?artillery?artillery?*, crossbows**and so on) which had pretty much the same properties.

有很多东西可以在两个国家生产和建造（例如，道路、城市管道和各种质量的钢和大炮（应该是弩枪吗？）、弩等)，它们几乎具有相同的属性。

However, there were things which Chinese (in contrast to Romans) couldn’tproduce: treadmill crane, armor of substantial quality (in fact, almost theonly thing they forged well were swords, while their helmets or body armor wererather primitive), cement, plastic surgery (we have a treatise from Galenthereon) and surgical instruments.

Nevertheless, although Romans could possess a bit more technologies thanChinese the products of both civilizations were on almost the same level: bothwere able to build big palaces, big walls or fortresses, supply their citiesand fields with water, cure the ill, produce massive amounts of weaponry ofsubstantial (at least superior to their enemies’) quality and so on..

然而，有一些东西是中国人不能生产的，罗马人可以生产的：起重机和坚固的盔甲（事实上，他们唯一能锻造的是剑，他们的头盔或盔甲相当原始）、水泥、整形手术（盖伦有一篇论文）和手术设备。

虽然罗马人拥有比中国人更多的技术，但这两种文明产品几乎处于同一水平：两者都可以建造大宫殿、大城墙或堡垒，为城市和农田提供水，治疗疾病，生产大量高质量的武器和设备（至少优于敌人）等等。

网友Jay Liu

The Romans and Han Chinese were advanced in different fields, it’s hard to saywho was “more” advanced.

Romans were relatively advanced in:

· Civic and military engineering

· Military organization

· Metal forging techniques, the Romans forged very high quality steel

罗马汉代的科技非常先进，但专注于不同的领域，很难说谁更先进。

罗马的先进性在于：

· 土木工程和军事工程

· 军事组织

· 罗马人可以从非常高质量的钢材中锻造金属锻造技术

Han China was relatively advanced in:

· Agricultural technology, especially in irrigation engineering. Growing rice is more an exercise in engineering than agriculture.

· Civil organization: Han China had a modern, centralized, meritocraticbureaucracy, dwarfing the Roman Imperial administration in both size andcomplexity

· Metal casting techniques: Chinese could cast iron to a far higher quality thanthe Romans could, this allowed the Han to equip far larger armies.

汉代的先进之处在于：

· 特别是灌溉工程，农业技术。种植水稻更像是一种工程行为，而不是农业行为

· 民间组织：汉人拥有现代、集权、精英的官僚机构，使罗马帝国在规模和复杂性上相形见绌。种植水稻更像是一种工程行为，而不是农业行为

· 民间组织：汉人拥有现代、集权、精英的官僚机构，使罗马帝国在规模和复杂性上相形见绌。

· 金属铸造技术：中国人的铸铁质量远高于罗马人，使汉朝装备了更大的军队。

I’m not going to try and make comparisons between the ClassicalGraeco-Roman philosophical traditions vs. Confucianism. There’s no way toobjectively state which is “better”. Both survive in some formin the modern world.

我不会试图将古希腊罗马的哲学传统与儒家思想进行比较。因为不能客观地解释哪一方更好。因为不能客观地解释哪一方更好。两者都以某种形式存在于现代社会。

Karen Carr, Assoc. Professor Emerita,History, Portland State University. http://quatr.us

Answered Oct 31, 2016

This is really the wrong question, because the world center oftechnology in the first centuries CE was neither China nor Rome, but CentralAsia and India. To answer your question, though, I think they’re pretty even.

这其实是一个错误的问题，因为在世纪之初，世界技术中心不是中国也不是罗马，而是中亚和印度。但要如果一定要回答你的问题，我认为他们的水平是相当的。

Things Rome had that China didn’t:

Glass, and especially blown glass. Wool and linen. The lateensail, a triangular sail that made it easier to tack sailboats into the wind.Better oil lamps. Mold-made pottery. The idea that the earth might go aroundthe sun, and a good idea of how big around the earth was. Concrete, and the useof concrete for barrel vaults and domes. Better trigonometry than China. Bettersurgical techniques including removing dead fetuses so the mother didn’t die,and eye operations for trachoma. Slightly more experience with human and animaldissection, and therefore a somewhat better understanding of how human bodiesworked. Opium for anesthesia. The camera obscura.

罗马有而中国没有的东西：

玻璃，特别是吹制玻璃、羊毛和亚麻布、三角帆（一种三角形的帆，使帆船更容易迎风）、更好的油灯、用模具制造的陶器、地球可能绕太阳旋转的想法，地球有多大的想法、混泥土，以及用混泥土建造拱顶和圆顶、三角函数比中国厉害、更好的手术技术，包括去除死胎，保住母亲的性命和眼科手术治疗沙眼、人类和动物解剖的经验略多，因此更了解人体如何运作、用鸦片来麻醉、相机暗箱。

Things China had that Rome didn’t:

Gunpowder, paper, silk and hemp cloth, a cure for malaria,magnetic compasses, the crossbow, the double piston box bellows (helpful formaking hot fires to make steel), the water-powered box bellows, windmills, amore efficient system of writing numbers enabling them to solve simultaneousequations.

中国有而罗马没有的东西：

火药、纸张、丝绸和麻布、治疗疟疾、罗盘、弩、双活塞风箱（有助于产生热火用以制造钢铁），水力驱动风箱、风车、更有效的数字书写系统，能解决联立方程式。

Things Central Asia had that Rome and China didn’t:

High quality crucible steel, cotton, sugar, the recurve bow,better horses, the numbers we call “Arabic numerals”, mathematical theories oninfinity and probability, the idea of zero, tables of trigonometry sines,plastic surgery for facial reconstruction, cataract surgery, charcoal filtersfor clean water, the use of citrons to cure scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency).

中亚有而中国罗马没有的东西：

高质量坩埚钢、棉织物、糖、反曲弓、更好的马匹、阿拉伯数字、无穷大和概率的数学理论，零的概念，三角正弦表、面部重建整形手术、白内障手术、木炭净水器、用香橼治愈坏血病（缺乏维C）

But really 1) all of these inventions were important and had tobe combined, in the end, to move technology forward and 2) most of them wereexchanged pretty soon, and people did combine them. By end of the the MiddleAges, Europe had gunpowder, paper, silk, sugar, crossbows, cotton, and steel,Central Asia had opium, and China had cotton, sugar, steel, and lateen sails.China’s lack of experience with glass ended up being a serious handicap indeveloping chemistry and physics experimental equipment, and telescopes,though.

但说真的

1） 所有这些发明都非常重要，最终必须结合起来，从而推动科技的发展。

2） 很多技术很快就会进行互换，最终人们也会将他们结合起来，到中世纪末，欧洲有了火药、纸张、丝绸、糖、弩、棉织物、钢；中亚则有了鸦片；而中国有了棉织物、糖、钢、三角帆。尽管如此，中国对玻璃的制造缺乏经验，最终成为开发化学和物理实验设备和望远镜的严重障碍。

网友Al Jones

If you add up all of the technologies and scientific knowledgeboth developed/acquired and more importantly, broadly deployed, it’s easy tomake a case for the Han and China in general being hundreds of years moreadvanced than the Roman Empire. See Joseph Needham’s books on Chinesetech or the comparisons between Chinese, Islamic Middle East, and WesternEuropean advancements in Stanford economic and technologyn historian NathanRosenberg’s book “How the West Got Rich”.

The Romans were more advanced than commonly given credit for since laterauthors focused on war and politics rather than business, manufacturing,applied sciences, nutrition, surgical care, public health/water treatment,transportation networks, trade networks, and surrounding civilizations’ techtransfers (Egypt, Carthage, Greece, Persia, Spain, Gaul, the Baltic, NorthAfrica, India, etc.) that China drew on sophisticated neighbors as well(Thailand, Cambodia, Korea, India, Mongolia, and the many nations nowconsolidated into modern China.)

Roman history’s always just been far more accessible to Western scholars whoused to be educated enough to read Classical Latin well into the 20th Centuryand the easiest books to find in most libraries dominate theories and consensusknowledge for centuries.

如果你把所有自行开发或者外部获得的技术、科学知识加起来，而且从（科学技术）使用的广泛程度的角度来看，那么你将很容易看出，汉朝比罗马要先进数百年。参见Joseph Needham关于中国科技的书籍，或参见斯坦福大学经济和技术史学家Nathan Rosenberg的书籍–《西方是如何变得富有的》，这本书将了中国、中东伊斯兰、西欧的科技进行了对比。

后面的答主对罗马有点过誉，因为后面的答主更关注战争和政治，而不是商业、制造业、应用科学、营养学、手术护理、公共卫生/水处理、交通网络、贸易网络、周边文明的技术转让（比如埃及、迦太基、希腊、波斯、西班牙、高卢、波罗的海、北非、印度等），中国也吸引了许多不同的邻国（比如泰国、柬埔寨、朝鲜、印度、蒙古，以及其他许多已经并入现代中国的国家）

罗马历史对于西方学者来说，往往更容易获得，因为西方学者受到了足够的教育，从而使他们在20世纪也能阅读古典拉丁文，而且大多数图书馆里最容易找到的书籍，已经主宰理论和共识数百年了。

网友Kurt Scholz

That is comparing apples and oranges. Each had its owntechnocomplex. There is no metric of being more advanced. However, advancementshappened in different fields due to different political systems.

Han China had a major interest in improved farming and built technology in thisfield that outlasted their rule. The same can be said of Roman concrete tobuild up their magnificient cities with fresh water supply and centers ofculture and entertainment.

这就跟那苹果虎橘子比较一样。各有各的技术复杂性。没有谁比谁更高级的标准。但是，由于政治制度的不同，他们各自在不同领域有不同进步。

汉代中国对改善农业和建立这一领域的技术非常感兴趣，从而使得（汉朝的）统治时间很长。对于罗马来说也是一样，他们采用混泥土来建造宏伟的城市，并辅以淡水供应和文化娱乐中心。

网友Robert Johnston

I’m reading “The three kingdoms” which deals with theevents that lead to the downfall of the Han dynasty. It seems to me that theEmpire in China was much more loosely organised than the Roman which althoughnot immune to internal tension would have not fractured in the same way.

As far as technology is concerned perhaps China had a slight edge. Certainly，the West wanted the goods, hence the silk road. Inventions also tended to flowEast to. West rather than the other way around.

我正在读《三国》，这段时期所发生的事导致了汉朝的垮台。在我看来，在中国，其帝国的组织性比罗马要松散得多，尽管罗马不能免疫内部紧张的影响，但不会以与中国一样的方式分裂。

就技术而言，中国可能略有优势。这是必然的，西方想要通过丝绸之路进口货物，技术发明也倾向于由东向西传播而不是由其他的方式传播。

网友Margot Darby

Roman Empire, definitely, because of itsmany legacies which have stood the test of time. Both Ancient Rome and AncientCathay had highly developed statecraft, and they were arguably equivalent inmatters of technics. But we are writing this in Roman characters usedthroughout the world, on technology developed by Western European peoples witha culture derived in large part from the Christian civilization of the HighMiddle Ages and Ancient Rome. Old Cathay has nothing to compare.

当然是罗马帝国了，因为它的许多遗产经受了时间的考验。古罗马和古中国都有高度发达的治国方略，所以说他们在技术上来说是大致相等的。但是我们正在采用在世界广泛流传的罗马字符写答案，而且是利用西欧人发明的科技来写答案，而西欧文明大部分衍生自中世纪中期基督教文明和古罗马。古代中国没有什么可比性。

网友Gwydion Madawc Williams

The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty Empire in China were aboutequal. China had silk, but the abacus is thought to have evolved from theRoman counting board.

罗马帝国与中国汉朝大致相当吧。中国有丝绸，但算盘算是从罗马计数板发展而来。

网友Weijia Deng